Motivation Extrinsic And Intrinsic Factors - 1476 Words

Motivation: An Evaluation of Extrinsic and Intrinsic Factors Motivation has been widely studied and particularly explored in organisational behaviour. Extrinsic and intrinsic motivations are two areas of current discourse that have been critically examined for motivating workforce. This paper aims to: define extrinsic and intrinsic motivations; outline the competing views regarding the relationship between the concepts; and, apply the research findings to a workplace observation within the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF). A conclusion is presented at the end of this paper based on the current findings. Reeve (2014) illustrates that extrinsic motivation arises from environmentally induced incentives and the consequences is to modify†¦show more content†¦Benabou and Tirole (2003) argue that reinforcers turn negative once withdrawn from short-term stimulation of extrinsic motivation; and that the agent’s motivation is reduced for performing the same task following the removal of the stimuli, and overall affects the inner motivation. Conversely, empowerment boosts self-confidence, increases the intrinsic motivation of an individual towards attaining goals. This is consistent with Locke and Latham (2006) that conditions of autonomy lead to enhanced performance via mastering goals and improvement of mental focus. DuBrin (2016) also supports the empowerment and autonomy arguments, adding that leadership can be substituted if intrinsic motivation is satisfied and that attention and energy are focused on goals. These studies have primarily focused on motivation to undertake specific goals, and the findings were recorded through testing various hypotheses. Amabile (1997) argues that creative thinking is affected when applying incentives to perform an activity and concluding this cause and effect to the impact on intrinsic motivation. Equally, organisations that provide the environment to foster intrinsic motivation are likely to reap benefits such as increase of productivity and morale (Amabile, 1997). Gerhart and Fang (2015) argue that the impact of extrinsic performance incentives onShow MoreRelatedCompare Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivators1199 Words   |  5 PagesCompare Relationship Between Intrinsic Extrinsic Motivation USP MBA Program - Presentation – Trimester 1 – 2011 by Group 8 Members Mukhtar Ahmed Nitesh Chandra ; Gabriel Pen ; Ateca C. Vakatora ; Devina R. Rao ; Salote Naulivou Objectives: To define motivation To define Intrinsic and Extrinsic motivation To give examples of Intrinsic and Extrinsic motivations Identify the relationship between Intrinsic Extrinsic motivations using the theories that discuss the relationship and give examplesRead MoreThe Self-Determination Theory by Edward Deci and Richard Ryan1720 Words   |  7 PagesThe motivation of different individuals can vary for many reasons, two of those reasons can be internal and external factors. The internal factors are referred to as intrinsic motivators and the external factors are signified as extrinsic motivators. The Self-Determination Theory developed by Edward Deci and Richard Ryan is constructed on the basis of three distinctive psychological essentials, which include competence, relatedness, and autonomy (self-determination) (Moneta, 2004, p. 181). In orderRead MoreMotivation - Extrinsic and Intrinsic1014 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ ESSAY #2 Motivation: Extrinsic to Intrinsic Motivation is a key factor in determining business success or failure. Successful organizations relentlessly seek to operate with a clear understanding of employee needs , and develop specific focus’ on how to meet them. Two key theories in organizational motivation are expectancy theory and equity theory. Both theories focus on the outcomes of a given decision or system rather than on individual employee needs. The goal of both processRead MoreEssay on Intrinsic versus Extrinsic Motivation1327 Words   |  6 PagesIntrinsic versus Extrinsic Motivation Introduction The success of any business depends on the productivity and satisfaction of its employees. Employees need to be motivated to work. Motivation can be defined as the inner force that drives individuals to accomplish personal and organizational goals. Motivation can be either intrinsic or extrinsic. For an individual to be motivated in a work situation there must be a need, which the individual would have to perceive a possibilityRead MoreMotivation of Employee in Lic1357 Words   |  6 Pages] Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation Motivation can be divided into two types: intrinsic (internal) motivation and extrinsic (external) motivation. Intrinsic motivation Intrinsic motivation refers to motivation that is driven by an interest or enjoyment in the task itself, and exists within the individual rather than relying on external pressures or a desire for reward. Intrinsic motivation has been studied since the early 1970s. Students who are intrinsically motivated are more likely to engageRead MoreThe Environmental Interaction And Personal Forces914 Words   |  4 Pageslazy and inadequate, so a better understanding of work motivation is important to be made. Little effort has been made to identify how the environmental interaction and personal forces can influence the work motivation of the employees working for the public sector and also, to determine the extent of work motivation differences between the public and the private sector. (Wright, 2001, p. 561). 2.1 DEFINITION OF MOTIVATION â€Å"The term ‘motivation’ can refer variously to the goals individuals have, theRead MoreMotivation in Sport1118 Words   |  5 PagesKnow the effects of motivation on sports performance â€Å"†¦ the internal state which tends to direct a person’s behaviour towards a goal.† - (Kent, 1994) â€Å"†¦motivation has been seen as having two aspects: it is what drives I’d to do things †¦and it makes us do particular things.† -(Woods, 1988) Motivation can influence decisions, learning and performance in sport. If a performer is not in a positive psychological state, mistakes will be made in the performance, and they will not perform atRead MoreTypes of Motivation1118 Words   |  5 PagesMotivation is defined as the accumulation of different process which influence and direct our behavior to achieve a goal (Negussie, 2012). According to Deci, there are two broad classes of motivation, which are intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation. He states: â€Å"A person is intrinsically motivated if he performs an activity for no apparent reward except the activity itself. On the other hand, extrinsic motivation refers to the performance of an activity because it leads to external rewardsRead MoreIntrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation1083 Words   |  5 PagesMotivation Ken 1 Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation Literature Review AK 11 April 2013 Professor J. Losche PSY-432 Ken 2 Both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation help to fit psychological values and beliefs of an individual. Intrinsic motivation comes from the inside of an individual, such as the drive to do something. Extrinsic motivation comes from the outside factors, such as doing something for a reward. There are mixed emotionsRead MoreRelationship Between Motivation and Behavior961 Words   |  4 PagesRelationship between Motivation and Behavior The examination of human behavior has been the source of debate and intrigue for psychologists, sociologists, biologists and philosophers for centuries. The expression of human wants, needs, and desires stem from an internal experience known as motivation. Motivation is an internal experience that drives external behaviors (Huitt, 2011). The two broad categories of motivational needs are distinguished as intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, and within these

Essay on Love and Spoon River Anthology - 779 Words

Love Hurts With divorce rates of today being at an all time high, people say that marriage has lost its value. It is also said that it is rare to find a happy relationship. Edgar Lee Masters seemed to believe the same about the romantic relationships of his time, as well. Masters conveys theses feelings through some of the characters of his work, Spoon River Anthology. Edgar Lee Masters uses unhappy marriages as a common factor in the deaths of many of the characters including Margaret Fuller Slack, Amanda Barker and Tom Merritt in order to reveal his own discontent toward romantic relationships. First, Margaret Fuller Slack’s loveless relationship with her husband is a main factor in her death. In the poem, Margaret Fuller Slack,†¦show more content†¦This is one way that Masters displays his discontent toward romantic relationships. Also, Masters uses Amanda Barker’s loveless and hateful relationship with her husband Henry as the cause of her death. In the poe m Amanda Barker, the character tells of how she died at a young age at the fault of her husband. Masters wrote: â€Å"HENRY got me with child, /Knowing that I could not bring forth life /Without losing my own.† Here, the character, Amanda Barker, retells of how her husband, Henry, killed her. He was fully aware that she could not have a child without losing her own life, yet he impregnates her anyway. She also tells of how the townspeople believed that her husband loved her, but this was not the truth. Masters wrote: â€Å"†¦it is believed in the village where I lived /That Henry loved me with a husband’s love /But I proclaim from the dust /That he slew me to gratify his hatred.† If it where not for her relationship with Henry, she would not have died young. This, once again, shows Edgar Lee Masters’ feelings about marriage. By often using marriage and relationships as an important factor in the death of many of his characters, Lee confirms his doubt in them. Finally, Tom Merritt’s death had occurred because of his wife’s romantic relationship with a lover. The poems, Tom Merritt, Mrs. Merritt, and Elmer Karr tell the story of a married woman’s affair with a young man who, in the end, kills her husband. From the husband Tom’sShow MoreRelatedSpoon River Anthology Essay534 Words   |  3 PagesSpoon River Anthology The Spoon River Anthology, written by Edgar Lee Masters in 1915, was a unique piece of work in both style and structure. There are over two hundred â€Å"stories† told by the dead people who once lived in the town of Spoon River. The lives and dreams of these people are written as poems. The poetry itself is an excellent example of early modernist style. Since there are many people from many different backgrounds, and even different generations, (There are examples of OldRead MoreLucinda Matlock Poem Analysis936 Words   |  4 PagesEdgar Lee Masters is best known for his book Spoon River Anthology. Spoon River Anthology is considered by some critics, like Ernest Earnest, to be one of the greatest poetry collections in American literature. One of the most popular poems in Spoon River Anthology is â€Å"Lucinda Matlock.† In â€Å"Lucinda Matlock,† Masters concocts a fictional character, who is based on his grandmother, that tells readers from beyond the grave about the beauty and the pain that she faced in her life. The paradox of havingRead MorePoetry Analysis Paper of Edgar Lee Masters and Amy Lowell1857 Words   |  8 PagesHope versus Passionate Love Two poets can be both alike and different, just as the two poets Edgar Lee Masters and Amy Lowell are Edgar Lee Masters and Amy Lowell write poetry about life, finding love and experiencing loss in very different ways, but both are successful in bringing about a truly touching connection with their readers. These two poets have an extraordinary ability to attract their audiences, by using both romanticism and modern techniques in their writing. Amy Lowell said it bestRead MoreSimilarities Between Washington McNeely by Edgar Lee Master and Our Town Comparison by Thornton Wilde621 Words   |  2 Pageshis cedar tree. The book also displays the same themes as the poem. The book, Our Town shows the theme of time, because we see two families go through almost a lifetime, in about 112 pages. The book starts out with a young girl Emily, who falls in love with and marries her neighbor George. The book ends, with Emily dying in child birth and George visiting her grave. We see the two age from teenagers to young adults. Time plays a big role in Our Town because the entire book takes over the span ofRead MoreSpoon River Anthology (Monologue)2179 Words   |  9 Pagesyour soul, 11. Your soul takes fire, 12. And in the conflagration of your soul 13. The evil of the world is lighted up and made clear-- 14. Be thankful if in that hour of supreme vision 15. Life does not fiddle. When viewing over Spoon River Anthology written by Edgar Lee Masters, various monologues came into consideration for further analysis. Although these numerous monologues were considered its speculation would became discarded when I read â€Å"Jonathan Swift Somers†. The words of â€Å"JonathanRead MoreMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 Pageshardly known. Film is too obviously a message for one not to assume that it is coded. For that matter, any message, provided it is repeated often enough and with a sufficient number of variations—as is the case with film —becomes in time like a great river whose channels are forever shift* Despite the clumsy formulations of a man who was partly self-taught, which are scattered throughout his books (though not in his films), Eisenstein remains, to my mind, one of the greatest film theoreticians. His writings

John Dewey Free Essays

Introduced his theories and concepts on how people think. He identified a number of different modes of thought including reflection. He saw reflection as an aspect of thought, a rational and purposeful act that is more then mere thinking. We will write a custom essay sample on John Dewey or any similar topic only for you Order Now Dewey contrasted routine action with reflective action, laying the roots of reflective practice in teaching (Kodiak-Myers, 2012, p. 5). In his notion of reflective action he described a willingness to engage in self-assessment, which squired flexibility, analysis and social awareness (Pollard, 2005, p. 3). His reflection described a willingness to consider different possibilities and the ability and desire to recognize various opinions (Skateboarders, 2012, p. 5). Reflection, as a familiar activity, is often misunderstood, overlooked in the formal process of teaching and equated with similar activities such as thinking about the day, making sense of experiences we had or discussing resent occurred events and issues. In these daily activities teachers assume that learning occurs (Bout, Gogh, Walker, 1 985, p. 8). Employing a reflective teaching approach, a teacher will be In control of the teaching process and Its outcome, giving the teacher the ability to research on the effectiveness of his teaching enabling him to asses if learning indeed occurs (Killeen, 1989, p. 52). In this assignment I will first, explain reflection. In this explanation I will consider the different classification, categories and some characteristics of reflection. Next I will argue that reflection within the learning process is important for the teacher. I will thereafter critically discuss some of the advantages and limitations of along feedback from students In the reflective practice and wall conclude that the advantages outweigh the Limitations of galling feedback. For a teacher to employ a reflective practice he or she needs to firstly understand the meaning of reflection. Rodgers (2002) is of the opinion that, after almost a century of considering reflection there is no clear understanding in our academic literature of what exactly reflection is. She reconsiders Dew’s concept of reflection and formulated four criteria that she felt characterized his concept of reflection. She speaks of reflection as a meaning making process that moves a learner from one experience Into the next†, as a â€Å"systematic, rigorous, deadlines way of thinking† that â€Å"needs to happen in community, in interaction with others† and it requires â€Å"attitude that value the personal and intellectual growth of oneself and of others† (Rodgers, 2002, p. 845). Reflection starts when a person inquires into his or her experiences and knowledge relevant to the experience, enabling him or her to ascribe meaning to his or her beliefs (Collier, 1999, p. 73). Learning Is affected through a process of thinking and fleeting on new experiences In relation to an excellent knowledge base and own understanding. Collier (1999) refers to Kitcheners research that suggests a continuation of the reflection process, where knowledge is first viewed as certain and absolute, learned from authorities and direct observations. This absolute acceptance of knowledge develops, a s the individual’s own experiences and knowledge develops to â€Å"uncertain, relative and personal constructed† (1999, p. 174). Such ¶n (1987) is of the theory within practice, and the use of such a process ultimately leads to expertise. He identified two possible processes of reflection, a retrospective analysis of experiences, the reflection-on-action and the reflection-in-action, which is the process of reflection as an active part of the experience. In the reflection-on-action a teacher will reflect after a lesson on the process by thinking about the lesson, reflecting on the good and bad moments in the lecture, considering how to improve on the bad elements and how to build on the good moments. Reflection-on-action will be possible through self-examination, student assessments, student feedback of lesson ND discussions of mentor teachers (Howell, 2014). Reflection-in-action is used more by teachers with existing knowledge of teaching and experience of the learning process and is used to assess the student participation, knowledge, understanding and learning during the lesson (Howell, 2014). A third process of reflection is a proactive reflection known as reflection-for-action (Collier, 1999, p. 174). Howell (2014) uses this third process of reflection, before-action, which allows her to consider her lesson before it takes place. This process of reflection allows the cheer to be in a position to consider what will be taught, how it will be taught and he or she can develop an inner attitude of gratitude that will positively influence the attitude of the learners. Reflection does not always occur on the same level and, is depending on the circumstances and experiences of the teacher. Reflection will be influenced by the teacher’s knowledge of the subject matter, her understanding of the teaching process as well as her personal circumstances and attributes. Howell (2014) identified these levels as technical, practical and critical reflection. The chemical level is concern with â€Å"effective application of educational knowledge and skill†, the practical level describes â€Å"an experience so that a subjective perception or commitment to a certain theory or system† is noticed and critical reflection is â€Å"indicated by a high degree of open-mindedness including ethical/moral and social considerations† (Collier, 1999, p. 174). These levels of reflection exist and work together (Howell, 2014) and research has indicated that new teachers often apply all these levels of reflection and all levels are equally important in the learning process Collier, 1999, p. 74). The teacher, as well as the learner in the sense that both teacher and learner bring certain attributes to the learning process, will influence the process. Unless a teacher is capable of reflection he might not be able to bring about long term positive outcomes within the learning process. Teachers are often influenced by outside factors when faced with difficult situations within the class room and can easily, unconsciously develop standard problem solving tactics, left unexamined for years (Shortchange Vassals, 2005, p. 45). Shortchange Vassals (2005, . 9) refers too five phase structured reflection process. In this process there is an action from the teacher, followed by a retrospective look back on the action, an awareness of essential aspects of the action, the creating of alternative methods of action and a re-trial of the action. Palmer, as quoted by Howell (2014) stated, â€Å"good teaching comes from the identity and integrity of the teacher†. Every teacher has certain identities, pre-set ideas and assumptions which he or she brings into the class room and these identities, personal views and assumptions will influence how e or SE teach and what he or she teach. This in turn will influence what our described as paradigmatic, prescriptive, and casual assumptions (Brookfield, 1995, p. 4). Paradigmatic assumptions are very difficult to identify and they are basic structuring of ideas we use to order the world, perspective assumptions are assumptions about what we think ought to happen in a situations and causal assumptions assist us in understanding the different processes within the working world and how processes work (Brookfield, 1995, p. 3). As teachers we must be able o reflect on these predetermined assumptions to enable us to build on our professional development. According to Shortchange Vassals (Shortchange Vassals, 2005, p. 53) it is important for a teacher, specially a new teacher to be able to get in touch with these different identities. They refer to reflection, which can take place on different inner levels. Where a teacher sees him or herself in a specific role within the class room, the teacher might be set on a mission to fulfill this role and beliefs which in turn may create behavior issues in the class (Shortchange Vassals, 2005). It s only if the teacher reflect on what it is that he or she is doing that causes the behavior problem and ask why he or she is doing it that they might find an alternative to their perceived reality. This requires the teacher to do introspective reflection of her own actions, which is a very difficult task for anybody to achieve. Often reflection can focus mainly on the technical or practical levels, without being critical. According to Brookfield (1995, p. 9) critical reflection will assist the teacher in unearthing the ways in which power is present in and distort the educational recess. Reflection is important for teachers both in their professional development as teachers as well as their personal growth as educators. Reflection will lead to new and better understanding of the learning process, often plagued with assumptions. The application of a reflective practice will lead to better Judgment, an examined common sense and better learning and understanding of our students who, in observing us, will develop their own reflective practices (Howell, 2014). Part of a reflective practice includes consultation with our peers and the enquiry into our caching by way of student evaluations. Student evaluations can form a very good reflective technique enabling a teacher to reflect on how her classes are received by her students instead of assuming that learning has taken place. An advantage of student feedback is to determine from the students how they engage with the lesson, what did they find interesting and what did not work for them. One of the disadvantages of this form of feedback could lead to very subjective feedback from students, which is not a reflection of the true ability of the teacher. Brookfield (1995, p. 7) refers to the â€Å"perfect ten syndrome† where teachers who receive a less then perfect score assume that they are not worthy teachers. Teachers disregard the complimentary and good feedback, concentrating only on the negative aspects of the feedback. This reaction is based on the preconceived assumption of teachers that good teaching is always followed by positive and good student evaluations. Critically reflection will assist the teacher in recognizing these unrealistic assumption and enable him or her to know that the â€Å"complexities of learning† as well as the students win attitudes towards their studies and the teacher self has influenced the low score. Equally, a perfect score could be indicating the teachers only accommodated the students in their preferred learning styles without testing the student outside of critique and was not developed to be the only answer in the learning process however I think that the advantages of reflective practice including student feedback outweigh the disadvantages. Student feedback is important for the teachers’ own understanding of the learning process and it can contribute to the students sense of ratification in the learning process, displacing the inherent assumption of teacher power over student. As a negative aspect of the student reflections it may over power students, giving them the false assumption that they control the learning process. I think that the teacher and the students, accepting the true negative issues as such, should critically reflect on the outcome of student feedback in an open process in a positive manner to overcome the negative issues. At the same time positive issues should also be considered and build on in future. In conclusion I can ay that reflection is a process of deep questioning set assumptions and believes within the learning process to enable a better understanding of the process, to develop as a diverse teacher and to ensure maximum learning within the learning process. If reflection takes place before-action, the teacher will be able to prepare with gratitude, to enter the learning action with thankfulness and to convey a positive and thankful attitude to the students, creating an optimal learning environment. 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Discuss two errors in attribution free essay sample

Attribution, defined as assigning a quality or character to a person or an object, in the context of Psychology, refers to the classification of factors that affect behaviour. Behaviour is attributed to either or both dispositional factors and situational factors. Dispositional factors refer to the internal causes of an individual’s behaviour, whilst situational factors deal with the external causes of behaviour which can include the social setting and environment. Two common errors of attribution are the Fundamental attribution error (FAE) and Self-serving bias (SSB). Fundamental attribution error is a term used to refer to a bias to attribute other people’s behaviour to internal causes rather than external circumstances. If people behave kindly towards us with a warm gesture we immediately assume and conclude that they have a kind personality whilst if they behave in ways that seem impolite to us (perhaps not greet us at all) we tend to think of them as rude. We will write a custom essay sample on Discuss two errors in attribution or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Instead of acknowledging the important role played by situational determinants of behaviour, we assume that other people’s behaviour reflects their dispositions. A study that demonstrates the (FAE) is Jones and Harris (1967). These researchers asked their participants to read essays written by fellow students which were about Fidel Castro’s rule in Cuba and were either supportive or critical of Castro. There were two conditions- the choice condition and the no choice condition. The choice condition was that a group of the participants were told the essayists were given the choice whether to take a positive or negative view of Castro whilst in the no choice condition, another group of the participants were told that the essayist did not have any choice and that the experimenter had assigned them in the pro-Castro or anti-Castro role. As expected, participants in the choice condition assumed that the essays reflected the genuine attitudes of their writers. However, participants in the no choice condition also thought that the essays reflected the genuine views of their authors. Despite the fact that it was made clear that the essayists’ behaviour was severely constrained by the situation, participants still opted for an internal attribution. This study in itself is evidence for (FAE). Although research has shown that people make the fundamental attribution error even if the conditions are told beforehand, in many situations the participants are university students therefore they do not  represent the general population and also university students are familiar with authoritative figures. It is possible that these students have assumed these researchers are a lot more intelligent therefore leading them to only listening and not questioning the researchers. This may suggest that it may not be the (FAE). Gilbert and Malone (1995) argue that FAE is a two-step attribution process. The first step is that we observe some behaviour and draw an inference, based on largely automatic and often unconscious processing, that the behaviour has been caused by some disposition. The second step involves us enquiring into whether or not situational factors may have had an influence on the behaviour. According to Gilbert and Malone (1995) we make the (FAE) as often as we do because the first step always forms part of the attribution process but only occasionally do we proceed to the second step. Basically, we commit the FAE because we are mentally lazy and believe the initial step alone can result in the correct explanation. 1 The second error in attribution is self-serving bias. Our attributions exhibit the self-serving bias when we explain our successes on the basis of internal, dispositional factors and blame our failures to external, situational factors. Such biased attributions are viewed as serving the interest of preserving or increasing self-esteem. Zuckerman (1979) reviewed a number of studies of (SSB) and confirmed that the effect depends on a desire to maintain self-esteem. Evidence from cross-cultural studies is consistent with this interpretation. Heine et al. (1999) found that members of collectivistic cultures (e.g. Japan) are far less likely to strive for positive self-esteem than individuals from individualistic cultures (e.g. USA). Consequently, the Japanese were found to be less likely to make self-serving attributions. Contrastingly, Miller and Ross (1975) proposed that several uses of self-serving attributions are rational and not based on the need to enhance self-esteem. They argue that what seem to be self-serving biases often occur because effort changes with success but not failure. If trying harder does not improve performance, then it is reasonable to conclude that something about the task is presenting the obstacle. However, if trying harder does improve performance, then success  is logically attributable to your trying. To conclude, these two common errors of attribution are what have influenced our understanding of the factors influencing behaviour.

Does Allah hope that with his message of the Qura Essays - Islam

Does Allah hope that with his message of the Qur'an that everyone will eventually follow the Qur'an, and be Muslim? In His eyes, does a perfect world consist of only Muslim believers? Or, just peace among his people? (the acceptance and protection of other religions pg: 1807, not technically allowed to conquer more land without experiencing hostility pg. 1813) On page 1811, is cites the jizyah (9:29) "fight those who believe not in God and in the Last Day, and who do not forbid what God and His Messenger have forbidden, and who follow not the Religion of Truth among those who were given the Book, till they pay Jizyah with a willing hand, being humbled." However, in Surat al-Najm (53:38-40): "that none shall bear burden of another; that man shall have naught but that for which he endeavored, and that his endeavoring shall be seen, whereupon he will be rewarded for it with the fullest reward." Why are we permitted to fight those who do not follow the word of Allah, when at the same time, the Qur'an states multiple times that we are accountable for our own actions, and we must not worry of other's sins? On page 1808, this essay touches on how the Qur'an does not permit the coercion of religious basis and it states that Muslims are to preach peacefully. What does this say about countries of theocracy or under religious laws (e.g. Iran/Saudi Arabia)? Is it technically permissible to imprison someone for not practicing Islam correctly in the eyes of a justice system? Doesn't the Qur'an say that we can only be judged by Allah, and Allah only? November 14, 2017 Define Jihad: "struggle" in religious terms, it refers to the spiritual and guiding political groups and how they should interact Pg: 1806: Muslims did not respond in violence, instead, they were taught to be patient when persecuted, suppressed, embargoes, and even deaths that they endured Qur'an commands Muslims to "strive" Lesser struggle of jihad: physical violence Pertains to war, not entirely devoted to way; war is not your only solution: peace treaties There are rules that go in with war, it does not just mean free for all When is it allowed? To obtain peace When it is defensive: when you have been attacked and you retaliate (do not begin with violence) How is it fought? Against whom? Diplomacy, how nations communicate with one another War is not the goal, becoming a good warrior is not good War is primarily bad because it is propelling another harm, not peace When feeling attack of the self, you must not respond in violence, and then moving their lands Muslim brotherhood, using political processes to bring upon social change After the death of the prophet, Muslims began to take over many territories that were not gained solely through trade treaties: pg: 1813 You are allowed to attack another if you can ensure that people are able to practice Islam freely, or to spread the word of Allah to potential converts These are preemptive strikes to people who refuse to have peace treaties with you: an argument that supports offensive attacks only through a lack of peace treaties (defensive justification as well as offensive) The prophet says never kill someone who is non-combatant: immunity Children, women (women did not fight unless they really had to) If women were to actively attack you, you are able to fight back, BUT you should run away because the prophet forbade you Elderly Monks Mentally/physically capable to fight - handicapped Farmers, shop keepers, and not trained for the battlefield (including men) Greater struggle of Jihad: Ihsan, or spiritual path: you are commanded to always do this Spiritual struggle, Sufism Praying on time, giving zakat, obeying god and serving society November 17 In the Ottoman Empire, there have a multiplex system, where they have fundamental human rights and allow for multi-legal systems - each sect, and religion is allowed to go to the court of their respective beliefs Difference without needing to harmonize Imam Malik: wanted to enforce his book and law as the law - did not support the multiplex system

buy custom Starbucks essay

buy custom Starbucks essay Starbucks is a company established in the North America which has been dominant in the coffee sphere. The success factors of Starbucks in the early 1990s were very different from the factors that are today. Some of these factors include; product variety, experimental branding strategy, service innovation, compensation system which was considered to be of great quality, target customers, high quality coffee, and the availability of the customer service which had trained employees, hospitality, product quality, and clean environment. The Starbucks value proposition was very compelling because it prioritized customers satisfaction and proposed the creation of the certain ambience which was based on the community and unity of people. It promoted customers intimacy since it was obvious that the positive responses from customers and the increase in the coffee consumption among people on their daily basis influenced the production of the drink, which the customers really liked. The brand that they developed was a service brand which gave a promise to those people who were the potential customers and who could find a place where they could relax and enjoy a very good service (Moon Quelch, 2006). This proved that the brand image of Starbucks was very effective. The customers satisfaction regarding Starbuck has been declining over the years with the service of the company that is deteriorating. The sources of this decline in the performance is a result of the financial leverage drop, which has the ability to enhance profits, due to the presence of the very stiff competition, which is available in the changing market, and the aggression in the U.S. expansion. According to recent market researches, the company is not meeting all the expectations of the customers service as it starts debating on a plan estimated at about $40 million per annum. The set plan is aimed at increasing the speed of its services to customers by boostin the availability of labor in all its stores (Moon Quelch, 2006). The loss of the connection between the business growth and the customer satisfaction, the change in the customers tastes and preferences, and the changes in the market segment shows that the new customers of Starbucks often have a very different perception of the companys brand meaning which could also explain the reason as to why the customer satisfaction is failing drastically. It is the work of the senior executives of the company to manage all the marketing responsibilities where there was an ineffective data analysis for making decisions in the company. The company faced stiff competition from independent coffee shops which offered a range of foods and beverages such as beer, liquor, and wine, while others offered and delivered high personalized services to their clienteles (Behar Goldstein, 2007). Starbucks of today greatly differs from Starbucks of 1992 in a number of ways. This is because levels of difficulties in the production of drinks have significantly risen due to the increase and advancement of new technologies. It has changed a great deal in its distribution channels. However, it was only famous as the coffeehouse back in 1992, but it now has different distribution channels like restaurants, airlines, and grocery and warehouse stores. The company has also changed its product diversity, since it has expanded the variety of its coffee production such as tea and chocolate because of the increasing rates of innovation in the company. The increase in pressure on baristas has also changed in the company since there is the need to serve all its customers with extended hours of service where job complexity has created a tension between the customer focus and product quality (Behar Goldstein, 2007). Starbucks has slightly changed its value proposition since the initial value proposition of the company emphasized on customers sattisfaction above all other aspects in the business which called for good management. This is because the customers satisfaction in the company has been seen to be decreasing which shows that the services being offered by the company are decreasing as well showing that the customer is seizing to become the priority of the company (Moon Quelch, 2006). The change which I would recommend to Starbucks of today so as to be able to stay profitable and be able to develop a sustainable competitive advantage is that the company should adapt a leadership management strategy. In order for Starbucks to be successful in the competitive market, there is a need to have good innovative leaders who possess profound skills in decision making process of the company. Some executives are solely to be blamed for failures of the businesses and the companies that they manage because they prioritize the profit goal instead of the customers satisfaction goal. The customers play a very important role in the existence of the company. Despite the fact that the companys products may be of great quality, it still needs the customers to purchase its products. The reason as to why I have recommended the leadership management strategy for the Starbucks is that the executives of business are the leaders of the company and they have to act as role models in the organization. Leaders are the ones who are responsible for all the decision making processes and a good leadership management can lead to very good decisions that are likely to maximize the strengths of the company in realizing the companys goals. They have to come up with the companys internal and external analyses which is made up with the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of the company, and then come up with good decisions on how they can be able to fortify the strengths of the company for its own benefit in terms of the profit margins that the company gets in maximizing all the opportunities. Buy custom Starbucks essay

Public & Social Housing PowerPoint Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Public & Social Housing - PowerPoint Presentation Example Kemney’s views are mostly based on the integration of the market based practices into the social housing practices and how the regulatory environment can be tailored to make suitable changes. Accordingly, the respective adjustment of the supply and demand mechanism in the market and the government intervention into the market through political management of the cost control mechanism can ensure the stability of the market. An alternative mechanism presented by Kemney discusses about the unitary model wherein the suppression of the cost renting can be achieved through a comparison between the cost renting as well as the profit renting in the social housing. Thus the use of unitary model attempts to combine both the profit as well as the non-profit motives in order to stabilize the market and ensure that both aspects of the market remain within acceptable limits and help achieve the policy objectives of the social housing. The implementation of the unitary model is therefore, believed to be not creating the rent differentials which may occur in case of dualist model. His arguments also tend to focus on the influence of different pressure groups and the corporatism in the social housing market. As such different countries have different rental systems in place owing to the overall nature of their culture. For example, the system in UK is relatively different as compared to the countries like Sweden.

My life five years ago Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

My life five years ago - Essay Example The aspects that have changed in me include my maturity levels exceeding my thought boundaries. I never thought in my early teenage years that I would get matured this quickly. In just 5 years time I look like a young adult. I can sense things around me in a better manner than I was able to when I was just a kid. My personality has molded in such a manner that I have started to like it more and more. I have appreciated the difficulties of life now with my chin up and I seldom cry in the face of adversity. I can stand up and be counted – which was not the case some 5 years down the road. I have traveled far and wide with my parents. Europe is a continent that I have explored with my loved ones in my early teenage years. I remember each and every moment of my visits with my parents and I cherish everything about those journeys that we had. I can still remember the talks and conversations we had in those times with my parents and how we ended up laughing at the end of each debate and friendly mocking. We enjoyed different sceneries together and looked to find out about nature more and more. I remember my parents guiding me through thick and thin in those formative years of a kid’s life and I believe I am pretty lucky to be blessed with such loving parents. A lot in me has changed all this while. Though I lived in Egypt for the better part of my life, I feel that my upbringing has been affected in a positive fashion after I went to United States. I explored a new world and thus tried to comprehend things in a wholly new way. I aim to become a successful businessman just like my father who I believe is my living inspiration. I draw my encouragement and inner motivation from him and thus I believe I am what I am because of my father. I would do anything to go back in those times – 5 years back to be precise. I absolutely adore each and every second of that life which I had. Now life has become more sober and demanding. Earlier it used to be all fun and play.

Small and medium enterprises Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Small and medium enterprises - Essay Example An SME should give the primary importance to alliance and strategic partnerships at both local and global levels in order to increase the productivity. This will give a huge boost to the yield to cost ration which is the most decisive factor in any SME as they are required to fulfill some business rules and rules to survive in the emerging economic world of today (Nelson & Prescott, 2003). The paramount reason behind these success criteria is the fact that in the ever increasing global economic scale, the SME finds itself being in some tightened conditions thus experiencing jeopardy and limiting factors in the economic growth. Alliances with some partners will not only give them important horizons and resources to get a global exposure but it will also expand the business opportunities to increase the profit and lifetime of the business initiative. A very famous concept in business studies known as transaction-cost theory should be followed in order to increase the certainty level of the success of the partnership (Yasuda, 2005). This theory illustrates and suggests that the SME should make alliance with a partner that can minimize the sum of the fixed and continual costs throughout the business process. The famous example in this case can be taken that of Austria economy which enjoys almost 99 percent of the SME initiative which were at the start partnership based. (OECD, 2005). Similarly, the other success criteria are limited target marketing because e increasing the target market at the start.

Britain And Us A Comparative

Britain And Us A Comparative For my comparative essay of political systems in the contemporary context I have chosen the US republican system and the British constitutional Westminster system. Throughout the essay I will compare and contrast the different political systems, how they interact with one another and how the systems are significant in the modern day context of world politics. America, a former colony of Great Britain, won its war of independence in the year of 1776 and therefore was independent from Britain in terms of internal politics and overseas polices initiated into America republic, with the famous quote no tax without representation. From then on America became a republican state and now is arguably the most powerful state in the world in terms of military power, economic power and political power. It is necessary now to give a brief description of the American political system before we relate it to that of Britain and contemporary world politics. America is a federal democratic system made up of three bodies known as the pillars of American politics. The three branches present in the American political sphere are the executive branch, the legislative branch and the judicial branch. The executive branch is responsible for issues such as proposing legislation, formatting a cabinet and developing internal and foreign policies. The legislative is re sponsible mainly for finalizing many of the propositions coming out of the executive branch, and therefore wields much of the power within American politics. The judicial branch is responsible for legislative issues with the power to review legislation passed and acts as a guardian over the civil rights of citizens. As similar within the Westminster system, there is a lower and upper house but this is notably where there is a large contrast between the two systems, as the American upper house holds much more significance in terms of power within the political system. As previously mentioned the political system consists of a lower and upper house, the lower house being the House of Representatives and the upper being the senate. The house of representatives is largely responsible for internal issues of legislation, budgetary issues such as allocation and foreign policy, where as the upper house, known as the senate initiates and regulates much of the what is proposed by the lower ho use, therefore acts as a balance of power within the American political sphere. The American electoral system should be mentioned in order to compare and contrast to that of Britain, although not into too much detail. Ultimately, party delegates are elected by citizens by popular vote using the voting system of proportional representation, where delegates need a majority vote to become a party delegate. The party delegates are then responsible for the procedure of presidential elections where the delegates vote for who will be the party leader to be legitimate for a presidential candidate. Through this system, it is regarded that an indirect electoral process is used in terms of the presidential elections as the average citizen is not directly responsible in terms of the determining the outcome. Once the presidential candidate is initiated it is ultimately down to the Electoral College system, a system where the people contained within it are representatives of individual states and have the final vote of determining the winner, a system not used within Britain. As for the parties themselves, there are two main predominant ones, that of the Democrats and that of the Republicans, one being left centrist (Democrats) and one being right centrist (Republicans), both arguably contrast slightly and lean in a similar direction in terms of policy implementation leading to a stable system of consistent politics within America. A final note on America contains that the fact there is a post independence written constitution as to determine how the country should be run internally, as with most established republics, also an element of American politics not present within the British system. A brief description of the British system will now be confronted in order to begin the process of comparing and contrasting the two systems as a whole. Within Britain there are three branches upon which consist of the executive branch, the legislative branch and the judiciary branch which is very similar to that of America. Within the Westminster system the executive branch is made up of ministers who run the country and are responsible for proposing legislation, developing foreign and internal policies and is headed by the Prime Minister, who chooses which ministers compose the cabinet. The legislative branch is the elected body upon which passes laws that are proposed from the executive branch, it should be mentioned that all government ministers are members of the legislative branch. Finally there is the judiciary branch upon which ensures that laws that are passed, are obeyed and has the power to review laws and works independently of the government and headed by a senior ministe r. The Supreme Court is the highest court within the political system of Great Britain. The British parliamentary system is bicameral meaning, there two chambers present, that being the lower house or the House of Commons and the upper house which is the House of Lords. The house of commons consists of 650 seats which are occupied MPs who meet daily for about half the weeks of the year, where opposition parties have a opportunity to challenge the current governments policies and general governing of the nation and the political nature is based around transparency and the public sphere. Those who make up the executive branch are those who attend the House of Commons meetings where, the majority of the time the PM and his cabinet and members of parliament will attend the proceedings, which is chaired by a speaker who monitors the meeting s and keeps order. The House of Commons is the house with the most authority within British politics. The House of Lords is the more exclusive house but does not possess the ultimate political authority and largely is based on noble tradi tion and status. It acts as a check on the governments activities and has the ability to revise legislation that has been passed through the House of Commons but essentially cannot block the will of the House of Commons. Like mentioned before, membership is exclusively reserved by the elite class or the nobles who are appointed by the queen, with advice from the government, which contrast from that of house of commons where MPs are elected into the house. Like America there two parties which have dominated politics within Britain, one being the labor party, which is traditional working class party leaning to the left and the other being the conservative party which leans towards the right, both mainly centrist with slightly differing views mostly, that of public spending reforms. The Liberal Democrats have always been influential with their presence but failed to be an overall competing power within parliament until the recent coalition with the conservatives, who are now in power. Within the electoral process itself, first past the post is the system used through most of England and Wales at the regional and local levels, where a candidate representing a certain constituent is voted on the basis that one person equals one vote, with the majority winning. The political party with the most constituents will form the government, who will take the majority of the seats within the House of Commons. The runners up form her majestys royal opposition, who will take the remaining seats within parliament. Within Scotland and Northern Ireland however, the voting system used differs from England and Wales. Scotland uses a mixed system called the additional member system, where voters usually get two votes, one for an individual candidate and one for the overall party. With Britain being a constitutional Monarchy, the queen is officially the head of state but does not wield much political power and rarely interferes within the political activity. The House of Lords would be the main involvement within her political activities through tradition, as historically the monarch would appoint House of Lord members, but as previously mentioned the House of Lords holds less authority over the House of Commons. To finish a description of the British political system it should be mentioned that, unlike America, Britain does not have a written constitution but rather a build up of traditional folk laws with modern additions to previous concepts of how the country should function in terms of the monarchy, politics and civil society in the modern contemporary era. Now to compare the two political systems which have been described, being that of the American federal republic system and Britains parliamentary system within a constitutional monarchy. Similarities are easily distinguishable whilst looking into the formation and functioning of the political systems with respect to those who function inside and out of the overall system. At first it should be noticed that the political structures contain all the same elements of an executive body, a legislative body and judiciary body, where the framework embodies that the executive branch is responsible for the proposal and development of legislation and the initiation of policy formation. The executive branches are within the lower house where in both systems, wield much political power. However it is quite clear that within the contrasting systems, the power of the lower house differs with respect to the balance of power between the upper house and lower houses. With Britain, the House of Commons is ultimately the most influential body and is not, in theory, open to checks and balances of a higher authority, as the legislative branch consists of government ministers, whom of whic h initiate legislation and policies. Within the American system although the lower house is responsible and has the power to propose such issues, the Upper house or the Senate, has the ability to initiate the proposed legislation, which is largely through the legislator finding sponsors within the Senate, which is not the case within Britain. With these checks and balances present within the US, it ensures power is spread across the political arena and power is not subjected to one body. This leaves many implications as the reasons for why these differences occur between the powers of the upper house. It could be argued in the case of Britain that the House of lords is not elected by the people or in fact, by anyone with political significance and the members themselves may lack the political experience to wield such power with interfering within politics and would act as a hindrance due their own conservative biases. With Britains political culture, represented as a stable democrac y under a hereditary power, emphasizes the irrelevance of the nobles to enter into modern day politics, with a feudal upper house system. America political culture of strong democracy and liberty is found within the context of the Senate and the House of Representatives, as both are elected in for a predetermined term in office, if all members of the upper and lower house are elected, the need for a balance of power is necessary for full representation, which is brought through the culture of democracy. This leads me to now consider the voting systems and electoral processes with respect to the nations under consideration. Very clearly both the US and the UK have constituted democracy as their political system, but there are some clear cut differences that need to be examined. First would be that of the process of electing the prime minister or in Americas case the president. Within both systems the party leadership is not determined by the civilian population but party delegates; however it could be argued that within Britain, through the first past the post system, a PM is directly elected by the people once the gene ral elections come underway, as apposed to the American Electoral College system, which determines the presidency. This has implications as to why the PM has unwieldy power of choosing their own cabinet members and has the ability to determine when elections shall be held as long as it is within five years. As they have been democratically elected by the people without hindrance within the first past the post system to represent the nation as a unitary state, it leaves no question to the conditions determined within the political process. Within the US, the Electoral College system creates the idea of an indirect process of a presidential election within civil society, where there have been cases where the winner has not even won the majority of the vote, but key state votes. With this voting system in place, it is key that the balance of power is established within the system so state representatives still have the ability t o protect the rights and interests of the civilian popula tion, who ultimately will not be completely subjected to the rule of a president, who does not represent their interests. This is prevalent in the idea of state arguably, being able to hold a form of autonomy from the central government and are able to initiate independent state laws and policies, which helps uphold the democratic political structure within the US. England does not face this problem as a unitary state due to size and devolution of the nations which constitute Great Britain, as they share similar political freedoms to that of states within America. Although there are similarities and contrasts within each system discussed, one thing is concrete, that both countries hold democratic values as political culture which goes hand in hand with the liberalist approach to world politics, which is evident how the two countries discussed throughout the essay have interacted in the contemporary age as strong allies. With the idea of international peace, the installation of democracy and strong trade orientations America and Britain have supported each other in several conquests, such as that of the Middle East where the two allies have fought with the idea of crushing terrorism and installing democracy. The two nations have never vetoed one another within issues brought forth within the UN security council and have managed to uphold good relations arguably, through the favoring political cultures upheld by political stability installed though democratic principles within both nations. Although there have been criticisms by many that Britai n is the 51st state of America, it reflects how the two countries function with respect to one another.

Essay --

John Hodges Ms. Roney World Literature 4 December 2013 Brave New World Essay Truth and happiness share a relationship of not knowing the truth, which only makes people happier. The people of the new world lost their freedoms but in return receive many pleasures. This thus adds to the apprehension of knowing the truth. They don’t want to know the truth because they are trained not to and it seems like they don’t want to know the truth, either. To avoid ever knowing the truth they use soma. By taking somas, they avoid truth whenever they are frightened by it. It in turn conceals their sorrows and instead fills them with fake hallucinations. In the story there are two types of truths. One type of truth is related to human relationships and emotions. Emotions and relationships give people great happiness, but they also can cause a great deal of pain. Due to these pains, no one forms relationships with the opposite sex. Along with this they consider it abnormal to feel attachment to someone. There are no couples or families and the idea of chastity is strongly banned. The oth...